Olivétan​​—“Umuhinduzi aciye bugufi” wa Bibiliya y’igifaransa

Hari ku wa 13 Nyakanga 1540. Abapolisi bariko basaka kwa Collin Pellenc. Mu cumba co mu bwigobeko basanzeyo inyandiko zabateye amakenga. Muri zo harimwo igitabu kinini. Ku rupapuro rwa kabiri rwaco hari handitse ngo: “P. Robert Olivetanus, umuhinduzi aciye bugufi.” Yari Bibiliya y’Abavodwa! Collin Pellenc yarafashwe, yagirwa n’icaha c’uko ngo aremesha inyigisho z’ivyaduka maze aturirwa abona.

ICO gihe, mu Bufaransa be n’ahandi hose i Buraya, Ekeleziya Gatolika yariko ihiga buhongo abariko baharanira amahinduka mu vy’idini, kugira ngo irandurane n’imizi ivyo yita ngo ni inyigisho ziteye akaga. Umwe muri bo yari Guillaume Farel, umugabo arurumba umwete yari yiyemeje kujijura abantu bose bavuga igifaransa ngo bakurikize ivyiyumviro vya Martin Luther, ya mboneza y’umuporoti yaharanira amahinduka mu vy’idini. Uwo Farel yava mu ntara ya Dauphiné yo mu bumanuko bushira uburengero bw’Ubufaransa, akaba yari azi yuko ibintu vyanditswe ari ikirwanisho gikomeye mu bijanye no guhindura ivyiyumviro vy’abantu. Kugira ngo abishikeko, yari akeneye udutabu n’ivyegeranyo be n’Amabibiliya. None amahera yo gukoresha muri ico gikorwa yotanzwe na nde? Mbega aramutse yituye Abavodwa, rya dini ryigenga ryari ryarihebeye kwigisha ivya Bibiliya, nta co bomufashije?

Inama kaminuza i Chanforan

Ukwezi kwa Nyakanga 1532 kugeze hagati, abapasitori b’Abavodwa baragiriye inama kaminuza mu kagwati kitwa Chanforan ko hafi y’i Turin mu Butaliyano. Abavodwa be n’imboneza muri kwa guharanira amahinduka mu vy’idini bari bamaze imyaka itari mike bahanahana ivyiyumviro. Rero Farel n’abandi batari bake baratumiwe muri iyo nama. Abavodwa bashaka kumenya ko inyigisho zabo zihuye n’iza Luther n’abayoboke biwe. *

Aho i Chanforan, Farel, narirya yari imvuzi, yarajijuye abari aho. Aho ba bapasitori b’Abavodwa bamwerekeye Bibiliya zabo za kera zo mu rurimi rwabo zandikishijwe iminwe, yaciye abumvisha ko bakwiye gutanga amahera yo gucapura Bibiliya mu gifaransa. Mu gihe Bibiliya yo mu 1523 y’uwitwa Lefèvre d’Étaples yahinduwe bafatiye ku kilatini, iyo Bibiliya y’igifaransa yoyo yohinduwe bafatiye ku giheburayo n’ikigiriki. Ni nde none yari ashoboye ico gikorwa?

Uwari agishoboye ni we rero Farel yari azi. Yari Pierre Robert, ariko yari azwi kw’izina rya Olivétan, * akaba yari umwigisha akiri muto yavukiye mu karere ko mu buraruko bw’Ubufaransa kitwa Picardie. Uwo Olivétan yari incuti ya Yohani Kaluvino, kandi yari mu bantu ba mbere baharaniye ya mahinduka akaba n’umuntu w’umwizigirwa. Yaramaze imyaka itari mike i Strasbourg yiga cane indimi Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango.

 Cokimwe na Farel be n’abandi benshi, Olivétan yari yarahungiye mu Busuwisi. Abagenzi biwe baramwinginze ngo yemere gukora ico gikorwa co guhindura Bibiliya. Amaze incuro nka zingahe yanka, yahavuye yemera guhindura Bibiliya “mu gifaransa yisunze igiheburayo n’ikigiriki.” Muri ico gihe, Abavodwa baratanze ibiceri 500 mu biceri 800 vy’inzahabu vyari bikenewe ku bw’igikorwa co gucapura, uwo ukaba wari umukagato ukwiye.

Igikona n’inyomvyi

Mu ntango zo mu 1534, Olivétan yaragiye aha wenyene mu misozi Alpes, atangura igikorwa ciwe akikujwe n’“abigisha bihoreye” biwe, ni ukuvuga ibitabu vyiwe. Uwo ari we wese mu ncabwenge zo mu gihe ca none yonohokera ububiko bw’ibitabu yari afise. Bwari bugizwe n’Amabibiliya yo mu gisiriyake, mu kigiriki no mu kilatini, ibitabu vy’abarabi, ibitabu vy’indimburo y’igikaludaya be n’ibindi bitabu vyinshi. N’ikiruta vyose, yari afise Bibiliya igezweho y’Abanyavenize yahinduwe hisunzwe igisomwa c’igiheburayo Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango.

Olivétan yahinduye igisomwa c’igikunze kwitwa Isezerano rya kera afatiye ku gisomwa c’igifaransa cahinduwe na Lefèvre d’Étaples, naho akenshi yaza arisunga n’igisomwa c’ikigiriki cahinduwe na ya ncabwenge y’Umunyaholande yitwa Érasme. Mu guhitamwo amajambo akoresha, akenshi yaririnda ayashigikira ivyiyumviro vya gatolika n’ububasha igira ku bantu. Nk’akarorero, aho gukoresha ijambo “umusenyeri” yakoresheje ijambo “umucungezi,” aho gukoresha ijambo “ikinyegezwa” akoresha “ibanga,” aho gukoresha ijambo “ekeleziya” na ho akoresha “ishengero.”

Ku bijanye n’ico benshi bita Isezerano rya kera, Olivétan yari yiyemeje guhindura ijambo ku rindi igisomwa co mu ntango c’igiheburayo. Yavuze yijajurira yuko guhindura igiheburayo mu gifaransa vyari nko “kwigisha inyomvyi yifitiye akajwi keza kuririmba ururirimbo rw’igikona gifise urujwi rujwangaraye”!

Mu gisomwa c’igiheburayo, Olivétan yarabonye incuro ibihumbi izina ry’Imana ryanditswe hakoreshejwe za ndome zine z’igiheburayo (YHWH). Yahisemwo kurihindura ngo “Uhoraho,” iryo jambo rikaba ari ryo ryahavuye rikoreshwa cane muri Bibiliya z’igifaransa z’abaporoti. Ariko rero, ahatari hake yahisemwo kurihindura ngo “Yehova,” na canecane muri Kuvayo 6:3.

Igitangaje, kw’igenekerezo rya 12 Ruhuhuma 1535, amaze gusa nk’umwaka ahindura, yaravuze ko igikorwa kirangiye! Kubera ko yiyemereye yuko yari “amaze igihe kirekire yikoreye wenyene uwo mutwaro [w’uguhindura],” biboneka ko mu mwaka wa 1534 ushira uwa 1535 ari ho yasozereye igikorwa kitoroshe yari amaze igihe kirekire akora. Yavuze yicishije bugufi ati: “Nagize ivyo nshoboye.” Icari gisigaye rero kwari ugucapura Bibiliya ya mbere y’igifaransa yahinduwe hisunzwe indimi Bibiliya yanditswemwo mu ntango.

Mw’icapuriro rya Pirot

Pierre de Wingle, uwo bita kandi Pirot Picard, yari agiye kugira ico afashije muri ivyo. Yari umugenzi wa Farel akaba n’umucapuzi aharanira ya mahinduka mu vy’idini. Mu 1533, Ekeleziya Gatolika yaramwirukanye i Lyon, aca aja kuba i Neuchâtel mu Busuwisi. Akoresheje amahera yatangwa n’Abavodwa, yaciye atangura gucapura ku bwinshi inyandiko bamwe bise ngo ni izigumura. Nk’akarorero, icapuriro ryiwe ryarasohoye ivyandiko vyo kumanika vyiyamiriza Imisa, bimwe muri vyo bikaba vyarashikiriye Umwami w’umugatolika François wa mbere w’Ubufaransa.

 De Wingle yarasubiye kwatsa amamashini yiwe yo gucapura, ico gihe akaba yagira acapure Bibiliya! Kugira ico gikorwa kinyaruke, imwimwe yose mu mamashini abiri bakoresheje yakorerako umugwi ugizwe n’abakozi bane canke batanu, bagapanga indome bakongera bagacapura impapuro. Amaherezo, mu “mwaka wa 1535, kw’igenekerezo rya kane Ruheshi,” de Wingle yarashize umukono ku rupapuro rwa ya Bibiliya ya Olivétan rwerekana uwayicapuye. Mu kajambo kiwe k’intangamarara, uwo muhinduzi yatuye iyo Bibiliya abemera Imana bigorewe “bajanjaguwe kandi baremerewe” n’“imigenzo ata co imaze.”

Iyo Bibiliya y’igifaransa yari imeze neza. Uretse ko igisomwa cayo casa neza kikaba n’icoroshe, indome zaco zari zisomeka, ziryoheye ijisho kandi zihinyanyuye, kandi cari kigabuwe mu nkingi zibirizibiri, mu bigabane no mu ngingo. Utujambo twayo two ku mubari turerekana ko nyene kuyihindura yari umuhinga. Ikindi kintu catuma iba iyiryoheye ijisho ni amajambo y’intangamarara, amayagwa y’inyongera, inzitiro n’ivyese. Amajambo afise amajwi agenda ahamagarana yari mu mpera z’iyo Bibiliya arerekana yuko “Abavodwa, abavuga ubutumwa hose, baronkeje iri tunga abantu bose.”

Naho yakoranywe ubuhinga, yarabuze isoko

Iyo Bibiliya ya Olivétan yahoze ikengerwa, ariko ubu ibonwa na bose ko ari igitabu gikoranywe ubuhinga koko. Vyongeye, igisomwa ciwe caramaze ibinjana bitatu kiza kirisungwa mu guhindura Bibiliya z’abaporoti.

Naho hacapuwe amakopi igihumbi y’iyo Bibiliya ya Olivétan, ntiyaronse isoko. Vyatumwe n’uko ata buryo bwo kuyikwiragiza butunganije neza bwari buhari be n’uko ico gihe igifaransa ubwaco cariko kigenda kirahinduka ningoga. Ikigeretseko, iyo Bibiliya y’ibilo 5 ntiyashobora kworohereza abavugabutumwa b’ingenzi canke abasomera Bibiliya mu kinyegero.

Naho iyo Bibiliya yari yashitse mu rugo kwa Collin Pellenc mu Bufaransa nk’uko vyavuzwe mu ntango z’iki kiganiro, mu vy’ukuri ntiyaronse isoko. Mu 1670, hashize nk’ikinjana n’igice, mw’iduka rimwe ry’ibitabu ry’i Jeneve hari hakiriho ikopi yayo yo kugurisha.

“Ntazina atagira aho ava”

Olivétan arangije igikorwa ciwe, yaciye asubira gukorera mu kinyegero. Akoresheje amazina yihaye, yarasubiyemwo igisomwa yahinduye c’Isezerano rya kera be n’ibihimba bimwebimwe vy’Isezerano rishasha. Vyongeye, yarihebeye ikindi gikorwa yakunda cane, ic’ukwigisha. Uwo mwigisha yitwararika ibintu yarasubiyemwo igitabu ciwe citwa Indero y’abana (mu gifaransa), ico kikaba cari igitabu c’abana cigisha indero runtu be n’ivyigwa vy’intangamarara vy’ugusoma igifaransa bishingiye ku Bibiliya gusa. Rimwe mu mazina yiyise ryari Belisem de Belimakom risobanura ngo “Ntazina atagira aho ava.”

Olivétan yapfuye mu 1538 afise imyaka 30 irengako gatoyi, akaba ashobora kuba yapfiriye i Roma. Muri iki gihe, abantu bake ni bo bazi uruhara ruhambaye uwo musore w’incabwenge w’i Picardie yagize mw’ikwiragizwa rya Bibiliya y’igifaransa. Izina ryiwe ni gake cane riboneka muri kazinduzi. Ivyo bishobora kuba ari vyo bibereye uwo “muhinduzi aciye bugufi,” Louys Robert, azwi kandi kw’izina rya Olivétan!

[Utujambo tw’epfo]

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Archives de la Ville de Neuchâtel, Suisse/​Photo: Stefano Iori

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Ifoto y’ibubamfu: Alain Leprince - La Piscine-musée, Roubaix / Tuyikesha ubwahora ari ubushinguro bw’utwa kera bwitwa

Bouchard Museum, bw’i Paris. Iyo hagati n’iy’iburyo: Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris

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Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français, Paris